Chapter 1                  Dawning

  Chapter 2                  The Big Picture

  Chapter 3                  The Birth of the Human Race    

  Chapter 4                  Civilisation

  Chapter 5                  The Unexplained Phenomena 

  Chapter 6                  Probing the Mind      

  Chapter 7                  Genius One and All   

  Chapter 8                  The Gene is out of the Bottle

  Chapter 9                  The Alien and Ape within Us 

  Chapter 10                 It’s All in the Mind

  Chapter 11                 Imagination

                                                                  Chapter 12                 The End of the Beginning      

                                                                                                        Selected Bibliography     

                                Chapter 1              

                                 Dawning 

In my excursions to and from work, I have seen Silbury Hill in many different colours and moods. In a playful mood the mound is light green and someone flies a kite from the top but on a journey home at night it stands alone and ancient. There are times, particularly against the backdrop of the sun rising or setting in the sky, with a mist clinging to the surrounding terrain, that I have been drawn to stand and gaze and wonder. On moments like these there is a dawning in me that something especially significant to our remarkable development took place here a long, long time ago. It seems to me that Silbury Hill is a witness to the evolution of man and perhaps holds answers to the mysteries of our origins that confound us.

It is the largest man-made mound in Europe and thought to be at least 5,000 years old. But its function and the reason why it was built remain a mystery to this day. Digs have searched for treasure and burial chambers but nothing has ever been found. I started to think that perhaps the key to the hill’s function could be found by looking at its shape and location, rather than by excavation. Today we see Silbury Hill as a grass mound, but it was originally built from large blocks of locally quarried chalk. Some archaeologists suggest that it might be of similar age and construction to the ancient Egyptian stepped pyramid at Saqqarah and the pyramid of Cuicuilco in Mexico.

Silbury Hill is surrounded by similar constructions whose original functions are also unknown. I think they may have been part of a very large complex which I believe could have been more extensive than we imagine. They include the stone circles at Avebury and the megaliths at Stonehenge. What fascinates me about these sites is trying to imagine what they originally looked like – cut into the lush vegetation and forests that have long since disappeared. Many of the stones are missing and some may have been re-arranged. I wonder what were the original shapes of these bluestones before they became weathered and tourists chipped away their own souvenirs. What also remains is evidence of deep ditches, banks and round barrows or tumuli that encircle the stone structures. It is possible these grassy banks may have originally been white rings of limestone which could make the site more conspicuous and perhaps easier to find, either from the ground or the sky. We do not know which conclusions could be derived from the shadows cast by the stones on these concentric white circles and white barrows. It is uncertain what information these structures provided at the various times of the day and different days of the year or whether they were meant to be viewed from the ground or from above. As with Silbury Hill, we can only guess at the functions of these constructions but they all point to a mass of people prepared to work very hard in relative harmony, who were ordered by an architect or group of architects who designed the sites.

Is the real significance of these sites that they were designed and built by someone who was able to look down on our landscape?

The fields that surround Silbury Hill are a popular site for crop circles. A number of these fantastically designed formations in the crops have been dismissed as the work of hoaxers. Others have prompted researchers from all over the world to take a closer look. Like Silbury Hill, these circles are an enigma. I began to wonder if perhaps this was further evidence that the hill could be some kind of beacon, which can be viewed from high in the sky.

Maybe it has attracted the landings of spacecraft, which many believe are responsible for the crop circles. It occurred to me that if this were the true explanation for the construction of Silbury Hill then it might have been used as a beacon for thousands of years. Perhaps it was built for the purpose of attracting craft to a safe landing site. It was a fantastic idea but one, which I could not shake off, especially with its close proximity to Stonehenge and the stone circles at Avebury. All of these structures share similar features. The purpose of their construction is unclear. It is not known how the large stones – which are not from the area – could have been moved into place or how a large hill could have been built by hand. All the sites are visible from the sky. These mysterious structures are not just found in the West of England but across the world. There are the pyramids in Egypt, Yucatan and the Canary Islands and a similar construction to Stonehenge in China to name just a few.

In Britain at the time when Silbury Hill, the megaliths at Stonehenge and the stone circles at Avebury were built, societies did not seem to be very developed – especially not advanced enough to have designed aircraft.

Hunters, fishermen and farmers dominated these societies. The demands of coping with the violence of nature are likely to have shaped the rituals of daily life. It seems remarkable that these people would have needed or wanted to build a beacon for aircraft. I believe the Alien Visitor came to our planet at some point between the emergence of our early ancestors and the building of these complex structures. For this reason, I feel certain all these structures could turn out to be even older than the generally accepted theory and all built within the Alien Visitor age. The Alien Visitor was highly intelligent, an assumption made owing to its ability to find and land on our planet. It was able to adapt to the conditions on Earth and use the resources it encountered to survive.

The Alien Visitor left behind clues to confirm its visit to our planet. Several can be found in the physical evidence that exists on Earth and other clues can be found in the functions of our developed brains.

[1]Silbury Hill has survived even Roman road construction and stands close to the A4 between Calne and Marlborough, near the Beckhampton roundabout in Wiltshire, England.

                                   The Big Picture 

We are starting to learn how Earth was created and how life on the planet began when boiling water reacted with chemicals creating simple creatures. In turn, these simple creatures reproduced and evolved into more complex animals and plants. If it happened on Earth, it is highly probable it could have all happened on another planet many, many years before.

Many scientists are convinced that life on other planets is a possibility because of the resilience of some kinds of bacteria that can tolerate extraordinary conditions on Earth.

I believe the highest life-form on another planet could have found a way of arriving and surviving on Earth and changing the gradual evolution process for our ancestors, developing them from apes into intelligent human beings.

Our solar system began forming many billions of years ago from a huge cloud of interstellar gas, dust and debris left over from the birth of the Sun. The Earth then built up over millions of years as its gravitational pull attracted material from the cloud. Analysis of tiny fragments of lunar rock has revealed that the moon appears to have been formed from the debris of a collision between Earth and an object bigger than Mars some 50 million years after the start of the solar system. Similar events continue to occur throughout the galaxy.

As life requires water then water must be a pre-requisite for the beginning of life itself. The reaction of the cooling of Earth’s crust against the cold windowpane of space produced boiling steam and subsequently water. Our atmosphere, which was initially composed mainly of methane and ammonia, slowly broke down into nitrogen, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The lightweight hydrogen then escaped into space leaving nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Soon, water vapour in the upper atmosphere was broken down into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen escaped into space, but the oxygen stayed and soon formed an ozone layer. After the formation of the atmosphere, the simple chemicals that are very common in space were transformed into larger molecules. These first primitive molecules, known as protocells were created. Scientists at the NASA Ames Research Centre and the University of California, Santa Cruz, believe that protocells are critical for the origin of life.

Blue-green algae then began to form on or near the surface of the Earth’s oceans. They converted the planet’s supply of carbon dioxide into oxygen. Soon plants began to grow on land and the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels began to balance. The genetic study of fossil plant spores that date back 500 million years, reveals that land plants arose as a single natural group when puddles of green algae evolved into liverworts.

If this can happen on Earth, then it is more than likely to have happened elsewhere. In fact, we have discovered that Mars once supported liquid water and the moon has around six billion metric tons of water contained in the soil – most of it at the South Pole of the moon. If we can confirm a number of planets that support or supported liquid water in our solar system, then this dramatically increases the odds for water-bearing planets and hence the chance of life evolving in many other galaxies in the universe.

We know hydrogen and oxygen bond to form ice, in possibly 15 different ways on Earth and do exactly the same on the Moon, Mars and on Jupiter’s moons Europa and Callisto. Carbon atoms behave in the same way elsewhere in the universe. Given the right conditions of pressure and temperature they will bond with other atoms into patterns, forming graphite or diamonds. Spectrometry has shown that the universe is made up of the same elements and gases but in differing proportions of course. Debris from an exploding star – which is known as iron-60 – and a sprinkling of dust from a comet have gone some way to confirming the idea that the same elements exist in other parts of space. This helps us expand our understanding of our solar system. Mars is much more like Earth than was previously thought, according to the first official results of the Mars Pathfinder mission which landed on the red planet in 1997. An analysis of the wealth of data the mission sent back has shown that Martian geology appears to be perhaps as varied and elaborate as Earth’s, which means that the planet was more active in its past. There is evidence of abundant water in the past and it has an iron core similar to Earth’s. Rocks on Mars have low magnesium concentration but are rich in silicon, aluminium and potassium. This is similar to rocks on Earth’s crust. Some have suggested that Mars and the Earth might once have been a single planet, which broke into two parts, with the Moon being separated as a droplet of material between them. I think the Alien Visitor could have been the life-form of another planet which was created in the same way as Earth but many aeons before.

It has been mathematically established that the likelihood of other forms of alien life in the universe is highly probable. Astronomers from the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Institute in America, which works with NASA and Britain's Jodrell Bank observatory, have found evidence of another solar system with Earth-size planets potentially able to support life.

Some physicists believe that all the essential amino acids needed for life on Earth have been identified in meteorites. As these comets and meteorites came from elsewhere in the universe it seems possible that there are other planets made up of the same amino acids as Earth. This could indicate the possibility of life in other parts of the universe. By exploring this possibility, could we be the first generation on Earth to discover alien life?

When the Alien Visitor arrived on Earth it would have been able to use its immense mathematical, scientific and technological knowledge to survive because the universe shares the same elements, atoms, weather patterns and scientific laws. For example, in our solar system there are three planets with similar gravitational field strengths to our own – Venus, which is of similar mass and diameter; Saturn’s mass is 95 times more and its diameter nine times bigger; and Uranus’s mass is 15 times more and its diameter four times bigger. The Alien Visitor will have calculated that Earth’s gravity was not that different from its own planet and may have also discerned that the troposphere – the layer of atmosphere closest to the Earth (21 per cent oxygen and 78 per cent nitrogen) – was a suitable environment in which it could survive. Of course, there is no way of knowing whether the Alien Visitor’s arrival on Earth had been planned for many years and followed meticulous calculations or whether the decision to land was taken in a split second as the visitor’s craft plummeted towards Earth.

However, in the vastness of our galaxy, with the many obstacles in space from meteorites to black holes to gamma ray bursts unleashing devastating amounts of radiation in seconds, how could an alien life-form travel from one planet to another? On Earth, we have so far only managed to send people as far as the moon, although this is not just due to the dangers in space but the human body’s own difficulty in travelling outside our own atmosphere. Perhaps the Alien Visitor had discovered how to travel faster than the speed of light, or maybe it used a shortcut to travel through anomalies in space, such as a ‘wormhole’ which Albert Einstein thought may have existed, connecting link points in space separated by billions of miles. They are best explained by drawing two spots on a piece of paper and bending the paper so that the point where the two dots touch is very small. The spots come together, but remain the same distance apart on the paper. Or did the Alien Visitor find a way to harness the ‘plankton’ of energy particles in space to propel its spacecraft?

Another possibility is that the Alien Visitor’s home planet had a much longer elliptical path around its sun than Earth and at a point some 13,000 years ago its trajectory came closest to Earth’s orbit, close enough for the Alien Visitor’s to travel in a space vehicle and land on Earth. If this were possible at that stage in the cycle then there may be other times when the Alien Visitor could reach our planet. What is the current position of the Alien Visitor’s planet on its orbit relative to Earth – and will it return?

                                     Chapter 3 

                            The Birth of the Human Race

I think it is possible to suggest a large, but narrowing window in time when the Alien Visitor would have landed on Earth. Our first ancestors – which can be traced back from modern man – appeared over two million years ago. They were a family called Homo made up of a number of different species. Those that survived the Ice Age – which ended around 18,000 years ago, according to evidence held in ice cores and sediments– had developed skills to hunt animals much bigger and stronger than themselves, butcher their kill, live in shelters usually at the mouths of caves and work as a community. I believe that the Alien Visitor arrived some time after this Ice Age. These Homo species had developed into the first pharaohs to rule Egypt some 7,000 years ago. By this time, the Alien Visitor had long gone.

I presuppose the Alien Visitor arrived in this period because it was a time of rapid development of our ancestors, especially when put in the context of the two million years it took for our earliest ancestors to first appear on Earth. If we take a look at our very gradual evolution before the arrival of the Alien Visitor, we can chart a period where the development of life was advanced or hampered by a multitude of changes and coincidences.  I think it is impossible for this same hit-or-miss process to have brought about the unusual leap in our evolution from Homo to pharaoh.

These dates can only be gauged by our current discoveries of the remains of early man and the early civilisations. Our evolution is recognised as one of the most controversial areas of science with many questions still unanswered. Further discoveries may reveal new evidence to show exactly how, when and where this first advanced civilisation began. In addition, we may also find our radiocarbon dating techniques imprecise and replace them with others, which also date these civilisations to earlier times. In this case I would argue that the Alien Visitor came earlier, for it is this visitor which gave early man the ability to create these civilisations.

I believe this highly intelligent extra-terrestrial life-form bred with, or somehow implanted its genetic material and educated our Homo ancestors, thus speeding up our development. This may seem a fantastic suggestion, but as BBC Radio 5 Live presenter Peter Allen suggested in his comments on this book:

“Since mankind is clearly going to have the capacity to plant its genetic structure around the universe within the next few hundred years - it seems logical that we are ourselves the product of such a process”.

I think the Alien Visitor took a special interest in our ancestors because they were strong and receptive to the Alien Visitor’s demands. They would have made good ‘workhorses’. We can obviously never really know why the Alien Visitor decided to mate with or somehow implant its genetic material in our ancestors instead of other animals but I can put forward a few suggestions. Perhaps early man already had functions – such as fingers and opposable thumbs – which enabled him to carry out tasks quickly. Maybe the Alien Visitor needed to use a race that had height, strength and speed. We can never know if the Alien Visitor looked like us or reproduced in the same way as humans or in fact if there was any rational thought behind the Alien Visitor’s decision to use our ancestors. Maybe the Alien Visitor was simply and inexplicably attracted to them. There is no way of knowing how the gene was dispersed but I do believe it became present in our male and female ancestors and soon became very widespread. It is also impossible to be certain if this gene created different races or if these varieties of our early ancestors already existed before the arrival of the Alien Visitor.

We have evidence of the build of early Homo species that lived on the planet just before the period in which I believe the Alien Visitor arrived. Scientists discovered a fossil footprint trail on the shores of the Langebaan Lagoon, a beauty spot on the Atlantic coast 60 miles north of Cape Town. They believe the footprints were made by a Homo neanderthalensis female who lived around 117,000 years ago, but had some similar characteristics to modern woman. These include walking upright with a jutting jaw and having a high forehead. Scientists named her Genetic Eve[1] and perhaps, by the time the Alien Visitor had arrived, this strong and tall, or at least upright build, was suited to the manual work the Alien Visitor needed to be carried out on the planet. The BBC human documentary series Ape-Man[2] explores how Genetic Eve and her descendants had migrated in search of more dependable sources of shellfish and fish along the coastline and riverbanks in order to support their steadily increasing population. This documentary provides evidence to show that during the next 100,000 years, Genetic Eve had slowly progressed along the coastline south through Southern Asia and Australia and north following rivers like the Nile to Egypt, the Middle East and Europe. The programme also explains how the species Homo heidelbergensis had thrived in the colder areas of Europe and through necessity had made the transition from scavenger to hunter. So these early ancestors were very mobile and resilient, prior to the arrival of the Alien Visitor.

By the time the Alien Visitor had arrived, our Homo ancestors had interbred and evolved into a fully upright, bipedal animal with similar skull size to modern humans and had proliferated into many parts of the world. They were capable of shaping utensils and arrowheads, creating body decoration and ornaments and were also burying their dead. They also practised division of labour between the sexes and food sharing. The muscular physique of these early people and their ability to use tools may explain why the Alien Visitor wanted to use them, rather than other animals, for work.

Perhaps, more than any other strong animal, they understood and were able to respond to the commands of the Alien Visitor. Anthropologists from Duke University Medical Centre in North Carolina say they have anatomical evidence that suggests that the Neanderthals – which predated Homo sapiens ­– may have had vocal abilities, which means they could be capable of communication with sounds. Maybe the Alien Visitor chose to work with the Homo species because they were able to share some kind of verbal communications and perhaps this became more developed as time passed, so that the Homo species rapidly developed their sounds into a kind of language which they shared with the Alien Visitor.

Perhaps, what started as a master and slave relationship developed and the Alien Visitor started to pass on its ideas and knowledge to the Homo species? Maybe the hominids, with the capacity for speech and art, were quick to learn and fascinated by this visitor. I think they may have been like sponges for the information the Alien Visitor had to impart.

The relationship between the Alien Visitor and the Homo species mayhave been like that between Prospero and Caliban in The Tempest[3]. Prospero initially uses Caliban as a workhorse:

PROSPERO             He does make our fire, fetch in our wood, and serves in offices that profit us. What, ho! Slave! Caliban.

But later Prospero takes a greater interest in Caliban and allows him to live with him in his “cell” and passes on his learning, which Caliban acknowledges:

CALIBAN               You taught me language.

Once the Alien Visitor gene had been introduced to the slowly evolving Homo species, the race started to develop very quickly and was rapidly distinguished from other related species. I believe the introduction of this alien gene explains why such a young species of Homo, which we define as Homo sapiens, separated and evolved so quickly into what we eventually call the human race and looks so different from related species.

Just how different we look from our closest relatives in the animal world would become clear if we were to try to take our place in a ‘police-style’ identity parade made up of the one hundred and ninety-two living species of monkeys and apes. Even if we stood at one end of the row next to the tailless great apes and nearest relatives such as the chimpanzee, bonobo and gorilla, we would still look out of place. Our legs are too long, arms too short and our feet seem rather strange. If the members of the parade were led out, it would be clear that we walk differently.

The other obvious and rather dramatic difference is, except for conspicuous tufts of hair on the head, in the armpits and around the genitals, the skin surface is completely exposed. Why did we not maintain a coat, similar to our closest relatives, to protect us from the harmful rays of the sun or the varying temperatures? Zoologically, it does not make sense that the human being, in particular the human female, is almost completely devoid of hair. Unfortunately, fossils cannot help us when it comes to differences in skin and hair, so we have no idea as to exactly when we lost our hair. Many theories have been put forward to explain why our skin is fully exposed to the outside world. One idea is that the human exposed himself to a much greater range of temperatures than he had previously experienced when he left forests for open plains and he lost his coat to prevent himself from becoming overheated. Another theory is by losing hair and by increasing the number of sweat glands all over the body surface, cooling could be achieved. But this still does not explain why none of the other primates and carnivores lost its coat. Another puzzling difference is our unique slimy lips. Anatomists have stated that their evolution is not yet clearly understood. Perhaps it is these differences which made our ancestors attractive to the Alien Visitor because maybe they had them in common. Or perhaps these were physical traits of the Alien Visitor, which were passed onto our ancestors along with intelligence. Maybe the Alien Visitor selected our ancestors for reproduction because they looked the most similar to the visitor out of all the creatures on Earth. Could it be that the human form had already evolved on the alien planet as the best design for the pursuit of intelligent activity, which was starting to take shape on Earth? Perhaps the human body is the best design for intelligent life in the universe. It would be nice to think so. The only animal, which we believe comes close to our level on intelligence, is the dolphin. Scientists have found we share similar genes. However, dolphins are perhaps not able to exploit their intelligence because they are compelled to live in water which restricts them from the activities humans are fit to explore.

We can piece together research gained from fossils to see how the human evolved. At the beginning, according to scientific research carried out at Bristol University and Washington University in Seattle, man’s ultimate ancestor was a pig-like creature that lived 250 million years ago in a South African desert. Scientists believe this was Earth’s first warm-blooded being and man’s earliest known ancestor. They believe the lystrosaur links the earliest vertebrate life-forms, which crawled out of the sea onto land, to man. The lystrosaur survived and evolved into a rodent, progressing over a long period into apes and then man. Their resilience is attributed to the flexibility of a fleshy snout that allowed them to eat plants growing in crevices where other animals, including their predators, could not reach. Palaeontologists have found that the lystrosaur, a pre-Jurassic pig, survived an unknown natural disaster, which led to the extinction of many life-forms. The disaster remains a mystery but theories include volcanic activity, tectonic movement, an influx of interplanetary dust, or an asteroid strike which raised temperatures to an estimated 60º C.

Footprints and fossils baked into rock in the remote Karoo area of South Africa have given scientists a picture of the pig. Using sophisticated electronic scanning equipment, designed for brain surgery, scientists discovered that the lystrosaur had a series of very thin bones called turbinates in its nasal passages, which were designed to warm air as it was inhaled. This indicates that the creature was warm-blooded which is a vital prerequisite for the development of higher brain function.

The ape first appears some 15 million years ago. The apes that made the first steps on the human journey are called australopithecines. Small, vulnerable mammals, their safety probably rested in numbers and their ability to escape into trees if danger threatened. The ability to walk upright was first seen more than four million years ago in the australopithecine species, Australopithecus anamensis. At some ambiguous point about two million years ago, they became sufficiently different from the first upright apes to deserve a new name. From then on, we recognise them as close family and call them Homo. Scientists still do not know exactly which one of the australopithecine led to the first Homo species. The Homo family, like the australopithecine, divides into various branches which eventually produce Homo sapiens. The definition of Homo sapiens is changing as we learn more about our ancestors and how they differ from other species. It is a category that includes the now extinct primitive man and modern man. In recent years the remains of Homo sapiens have been classified as such because they have a large cranial capacity, opposable thumbs and forefingers and the ability to make stone tools. Other species, which were once considered human, have been reassigned to a non-human hominid category because they do not share these characteristics. A skull of one of the early hominids called Australopithecus africanus who lived some 2.6 to 2.8 million years ogo is estimated to have had a brain capacity of about 515 cubic centimetres, similar to that of a modern chimpanzee. Increased cranial capacity has been found in Homo habilis from about two million years ago. He had a cranial capacity of more than 600 cubic centimetres. A later species, Homo ergaster, which evolved in Africa, possibly from Homo habilis, had a cranial capacity of 800 to 1,100 cubic centimetres. Today the average human brain is about 1,350 cubic centimetres. The largest brain on record is 2,500 cubic centimetres. In this context, it seems the brain grew very rapidly even though the evolution of pig to Homo sapiens took a very long time. I believe this points to a catalyst in our development which I am convinced was the Alien Visitor.

After the Alien Visitor had left the planet, Homo sapiens continued to evolve rapidly because of the Alien Visitor gene which gave the species many advantages not enjoyed by other animals. This theory of competition is explained by Charles Darwin:

Natural selection acts solely through the preservation of variations in some way advantageous, which consequently endure. But as from the high geometrical powers of increase of all organic beings, each area is already fully stocked with inhabitants, it follows that as each selected and favoured forms increases in number, so will the less favoured forms decrease and become rare. Rarity as geology tells us, is a precursor to extinction.[4]

I think Homo sapiens, which did not gain this Alien Visitor gene struggled to compete against their counterparts and reduced in number. Creatures such as the Yeti or Big Foot – which some academics believe survive in the wildernesses of the former Soviet Union and North America – could be the remaining members of this sidelined race. Perhaps they are examples of what human beings would be like today if the Alien Visitor had not altered the course of our evolution.

Even with just one Alien Visitor, the gene could be rapidly spread in the future Homo sapiens generations. Mathematically we can see how multiplication is a powerful engine for growth – even with an insignificantly low number like two (if we assume that there was only one Alien Visitor). There is an old tale about the mathematician who invented the game of chess that illustrates this very well. The king liked the game so much, the story goes, that he offered the mathematician any prize. The mathematician asked only for two grains of wheat to be placed on the first square of the chessboard, four on the second, eight on the third and so forth, doubling the number of grains of wheat for each of the sixty-four squares on the chessboard. The story says that in the end he gained more grain than the number of human beings that have existed in the entire history of the world.

The proof of the advantage of this strong gene is that although most other animal families are made up of many species, this is known as adaptive radiation, the human only has one member – the Homo sapiens. This suggests that our population started from a single point and successfully prevented any competition. I think there were a number of species of bipedal hominids that had gained the Alien Visitor Gene. Those species with larger skulls and hence bigger brains were successful. I believe this explains why scientistsanalysing the genetic blueprint for humans have found that 99.99 per cent of this code is the same for everyone. They also discovered that where there are differences they do not result in different ethnic groups. That is to say, research showed that people from different ethnic groups can have more in common, genetically, than those from the same group. Some scientists refer to the theory that the human race started from a single point as the Replacement Theory, also known as the Out of Africa model. The essence of the theory is that we all descend from a group of people who lived in Africa, then spread out across the world, replacing the local hominids everywhere else. For the same reasons as the original Alien Visitor, the hybrid Alien Visitor and Homo sapiens chose to breed with other Homo sapiens. We cannot be sure what these reasons are. As a result of this, the other hominid groups died out because they did not receive the Alien Visitor gene and could not compete with the hybrids. I am in no doubt that the arrival of the Alien Visitor – and the dispersal of its subsequent offspring across the world – replaced all of our nearest ancestors. But as I believe the Alien Visitor’s base was in Egypt, I hypothesise the human race originated there, rather than South Africa. Incidentally, I think the Homo sapiens may have developed different features because they lived in different climates – for example, some may have darker or lighter skin. This difference of appearance may not have mattered to the Alien Visitor because the Homo sapiens as a species shared features which were useful or attractive to the Alien Visitor. I believe these differences in appearance explain why humans today can look so different. It is also entirely possible that there may have been more than one Alien Visitor and although they were of the same species they may have looked different from each other. It may also be possible that there were more than one species of Alien Visitor!

We know that in this period, when the Alien Visitor arrived and thrived on Earth, many creatures became extinct. Maybe this is because the Alien Visitor brought new diseases to the planet or started to eat, use and make goods out of the animals, altering the food chain. Perhaps it may confirm that these animals were destroyed by some global catastrophe that could also explain the disappearance of the Alien Visitor. Examinations of the remains of the largest mammals that became extinct some 10,000 years ago may shed some light on their sudden demise. If they died of a disease, it may still exist, waiting to be awakened as we come across the remains of these creatures. Some have already been found under the Siberian permafrost.

So far I have argued for when the Alien Visitor arrived and the impact it had on our evolution. But I believe that this rapid development of man is not only due to the Alien Visitor gene but also due to the cultural influence of the Alien Visitor on primitive man.

[1] Named by Dr Lee Berger, a paleo-anthropologist at the University of the    Witwatersrand in Johannesburg.

[2] Human documentary series that explores the origins of mankind  Ape-Man.   First shown on BBC2 February 2000.

[3] William Shakespeare The Tempest Routledge 1988

[4] Charles Darwin The Origin of Species Penguin 1985

                                       Chapter 4

                                      Civilisation

What caused our Homo sapiens ancestors to move from small nomadic family groups into large settlements?  Did fear for their safety from other groups drive them into larger assemblies, or did they develop different skills from their neighbours that led to bartering which slowly developed into a widespread trading network?  These conventional theories for the birth of the early cities and civilisations such as Caral in Peru ignore one critical factor – a universal knowledge.  Where did these first civilisations, that share similar features, obtain this universal knowledge?  For example pyramids employing complex mathematical techniques appear in early civilisations across the world!

I firmly believe that the Alien Visitor was the founder of our earliest civilisations and that around 13,000 years ago, there was a much higher level of knowledge on our planet which we are slowly reclaiming today.

We have established a time when the Alien Visitor landed but we need to explore where it might have landed.  I suggest that it landed in Egypt and formed a civilisation around 7,000 – 8,000 years earlier than the recognised civilisation of 5000 BC.  Recent archaeological research suggests that parts of this second civilisation are much older.  Many Egyptologists are beginning to suggest that score marks and the erosion on the Sphinx could have been caused by heavy rainfall.  But the heavy rains stopped falling in this area around 7,000 years ago.  This suggests that the Sphinx was built earlier when rainfall was common.  In his book Sacred Science1], Schwaller de Lubicz argues that the body of the Sphinx shows indisputable signs of erosion due to rainfall.  In addition to this, fossils of shells have been found around the base of the Pyramids and boats have been found buried near the Pyramids.  The wear and tear marks on these 143 ft-long boats show they sailed on the water many times.  Finally, earlier this century, the mystic and philosopher, George Ivanovich Gurdjieff found a map of Egypt that showed it to be devoid of any sand, showing the country was once subject to rain.

If we accept that the Sphinx and pyramids complex were built around 7,000 years earlier than the recognised civilisation of 5000 BC, it can be argued that the Alien Visitor – who had landed on the planet – built and ordered this civilisation.  I am not arguing that the famous civilisation of 5000 BC happened earlier because I concur this did take place in 5000 BC but I think it was the second civilisation to spring up in Egypt and encompassed the site of the earlier Alien Visitor civilisation.

The construction of Silbury Hill has been likened to that of the Egyptian pyramids and has also been dated at a similar period.  But if as I have argued, the Egyptian pyramids were built 7,000 years earlier than the time in which archaeologists currently believe they were built, then Silbury Hill could also be a much older structure.  This would also apply to the structures at Stonehenge and Avebury which archaeologists concur as being built in the more recent Neolithic times.  It is possible that Silbury Hill, along with the other pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico and the Canary Islands may have all been linked to the central Egyptian pyramid complex in Giza.  This suggests that the Alien Visitor had also established many settlements across the temperate climate belt at this time.   In a Channel Four documentary, Quest For The Lost Civilisation2], Graham Hancock argues that these pyramids are part of a worldwide network.

I do not know why the Alien Visitor chose to come to our planet, why Egypt was selected as a landing place and why a network of pyramids was constructed.  Could it be that quite simply, the Alien Visitor found itself in a situation that is best described as a ‘Robinson Crusoe’ experience – where the Alien Visitor became marooned on Earth in the same way as the hero of Daniel Defoe’s novel Robinson Crusoe (1719) was shipwrecked and marooned on a desert island?

Perhaps the function of the pyramids was for protection purposes and for the Alien Visitor to record findings on Earth to be used by the Alien Visitor and its descendants to enable them to survive on Earth.  Or maybe they were used to relay information to other Alien Visitors above the Earth.  We know the pyramids were originally faced with brilliant white stones, which are believed to have been inscribed.  But these have all since disappeared.  Maybe the bright stones with the inscriptions were a kind of encyclopaedia of all that the Alien Visitor had discovered on Earth.  Or simply a ‘message in a bottle’ created by the stranded Alien Visitor, hoping to be discovered by one of its own kind.

It could be argued that all the work carried out and recorded on the smaller pyramids in Egypt and elsewhere around the planet was gathered together and used to build the Great Pyramid in the Giza complex in Egypt.  As the largest pyramid, perhaps this was the one that could be seen and read by members of the Alien Visitor race back in outer space.

There are two reasons why I believe this Great Pyramid was particularly significant.  The measurements that went into building it are very complicated which I deem to be the result of much research.  It was built around one third of the way between the equator and the North Pole and at the centre of the world’s habitable landmasses.  This accuracy would require some detailed knowledge of Earth and hence astronomy and astrology.  The variation between the sizes of each side of the base of the Great Pyramid is less than eight inches.  It is unlikely that this choice of location could have come about by chance.  The Great Pyramid is built on solid bedrock, which renders it virtually invulnerable to the severest earthquake and floods, as confirmed by its existence today.  The height today is just a little over 137 m, the original pinnacle being missing.  But mathematicians have calculated the original height of the pyramid using the existing base and the angles the base makes with what remains of the sides of the pyramid.  These calculations have revealed that the true height of the Great Pyramid would have been 147.79 m.  If the perimeter of the existing base is divided by the new height we get a figure that is twice that of Pi.  Pi is a fundamental mathematical figure because it is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter and used in many calculations.  This may be a coincidence, but perhaps it shows great intelligence in the construction of the Great Pyramid.  Pi is applied to mathematical problems involving the lengths of arcs or other curves, the areas of ellipses, sectors, and other curved surfaces, and the volumes of solids.  It is also used in various formulae elsewhere to describe such periodic phenomena as the motion of pendulums, the vibration of strings, and alternating electric currents.  Perhaps the pyramid itself was used to solve mathematical problems.  It does seem to show that its creators were competent at using mathematical equations which we have re-discovered and use today.

The other reason why I consider the Great Pyramid to be the most significant of all the pyramids is based on Peter Lemesurier’s study3].  He has found that some of the measurements of this pyramid match patterns on Earth.  For example, he says the basic unit of measurement employed in the construction of the pyramid was a ‘pyramid cubit’ which is equivalent to 635.66 mm.  The radius of the Earth from the centre to the pole is 6357 km.  These measurements correspond on a scale of 10,000,000:1.  The length of the pyramid side at the base is 365.242 pyramid cubits, a figure identical to the number of days in the solar tropical year.  Furthermore, the mean distance of the Earth to the sun is about 149.5 million kilometres or 92,960,000 miles.  The height of the Great Pyramid is 147.79 metres, which equals the astronomical distance to the sun on a scale 1,000,000,000:1, with an error of only one per cent.

I am in no doubt the architects of Giza – and other structures that I believe were built at the same time – were well aware of constellations.  Robert Bauval and Graham Hancock have explained in their book Keeper of Genesis4], that if we were to turn the clock back to 10,500 BC – which we can do with the aid of computer technology – the complex at Giza can be seen to have mirrored the constellation Orion and the complex at Anqkor in Cambodia to have been designed in the image of the constellation Draco.

I believe that the Alien Visitor may have used the insides of these pyramids to store information and findings that needed to be kept safe from the weather and other curious life-forms.  Archaeologists have recently found shafts on the sides of the pyramids that could have been air vents.  It seems odd that these structures, which are believed to have been built as burial chambers, would have air vents.  I feel the vents indicate an earlier use by the Alien Visitor.

Various ‘rhomboidal pits’ have also been discovered at the Pyramids of Giza and near the Pyramid of Djedefra at Abu Roashste.  Some were found to have boats in them.  This indicates this area could have been a seaport with its boat building yards and dry-dock boat repair facilities.  It is possible that a rapid change in climate left this port high and dry and this area became dry and arid as it is today.  The Sphinx could have been at the entrance to the harbour and visible from some distance, with the head much larger than it is today and possibly leonine to match the rest of its body.   

But what would be the purpose of the accurately designed Pyramids at a seaport?  Could this area at Giza have been an important junction comprising a sea and airport with the Sphinx a symbol for the conurbation that could be instantly recognised from the air and from the sea?  The temples may have been arrival and departure lounges and the Pyramids craft hangers and air or space control towers.  Or perhaps the pyramids were marker points for craft intending to land.  This could have been a major administrative or commercial site for the Alien Visitor.

So, if the pyramids were part of the Alien Visitor’s superport a main civilisation could be somewhere in close proximity.  Perhaps it is buried beneath the sand following dramatic changes in climate and still to be discovered.

Another very impressive ancient complex at Tiahuanaco, near the southern shore of Lake Titicaca, in Bolivia was also built as a port.  It has harbours, docks and quays, but today they cannot be used by any ship because Tiahuanaco is situated almost 4,000 m (13,000 ft) above sea level and is miles away from the nearest sea.  I think the Alien Visitor established a network of colonies in different parts of the world and regular access to these colonies could be made using highly developed maritime skills.  The discovery of maps dating back to 10,000 BC suggest the Alien Visitor was moving across, exploring and creating civilisations all over the world.  The most impressive maritime civilisation in the ancient Mediterranean was that of Minoan Crete.  Up until its demise around 1400 BC, following an invasion from mainland Greece, the Minoans were the masters of navigation in the Mediterranean and perhaps even in the entire world.  Many historians believe that they owed their maritime expertise to an even greater maritime civilisation.  And it could be argued that this Minoan culture, along with the civilisations in Egypt, Bolivia and possibly Wiltshire were either all created by the Alien Visitor or built on the site of or in the image of earlier Alien Visitor civilisations.

Unfortunately, little, if any proof of colonisation by an Alien Visitor with trade links across the globe seems to have survived.  We cannot be certain what destroyed these civilisations or why the Alien Visitor left.  Perhaps there was a disruption in the solar system, such as the explosion of a star or planet, which resulted in the bombardment of Earth by debris.  This may have knocked Earth, dramatically altering it by causing all kinds of natural disasters such as earthquakes which split Earth’s crust, violent super-volcanoes and prolonged storms and flooding.  Any of these could have devastated the Alien Visitor’s civilisations – or maybe just the headquarters – and forced them to leave the planet.  Many cultures and religions across the world describe a devastating flood in early times.  In fact, there are more than three hundred accounts of this flood, including the story about Noah in Genesis.  Many academics believe this flood really happened.

In the BBC programme The Great Flood5], Dr Bill Ryan and Dr Walter Pitman argue that around 7,500 years ago, the Bosporus – a narrow ribbon of water that joins the Black Sea to the Mediterranean – flooded the Black Sea.  The pressure of rising sea levels, caused by melting ice brought about this event.  The swollen Black Sea devastated the civilisations which had grown up on what used to be its banks.  But I conceive an event similar to this, also triggered by the melting ice from the Ice Age, took place much earlier in the Straits of Gibraltar or at the south end of the Red Sea.  Recent geological evidence confirms that by 14,000 years ago, sea levels had surged by more than ten meters (30 ft).  I am convinced that approximately two thousand years later, the increasing pressure of water on the Straits managed to break this natural dam, or this may have been caused by some sudden spectacular occurrence.  Whatever the reason, water surged into the Mediterranean area increasing the levels of a number of smaller Mediterranean lakes eventually producing one large lake – the Mediterranean Sea.  The creation of the Mediterranean Sea must have occurred before that of the Black Sea because the Mediterranean was closer to the already existing Atlantic Ocean which was rising.  The extent of the flooding could have caused much of the Alien Visitor’s civilisations to be submerged in much the same way as those settlements that had been swept away during the formation of the Black Sea.  The water would have swept over the landmass including Egypt and Sudan before draining back into what is now the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, leaving huge areas submerged in silt.  After the flood, the only visible remains of the Alien Visitor’s civilisations in this area were the pyramids and the head of the Sphinx.  As I have already said, its body bore the marks of erosion by water.  It is also likely that the sands of Egypt still hold many secrets.  We may have uncovered only a small amount of the pyramids and monuments in Egypt from this first civilisation.  Whatever the reason for the devastation of the Alien Visitor's main civilisation in this area, it resulted in the breakdown of the network of civilisations, leaving any satellite colonies – which were not destroyed by the disaster – cut off from each other and isolated.

I am inclined to believe that the Alien Visitor was taken by surprise by this catastrophic flood or some other kind of natural disaster, or even with warning was unable to stop the devastation that occurred.  The gigantic stone block left in the quarry near the ancient ruins of Baalbek in the northern end of the Syrian Dessert and the unfinished stonework discovered in other parts of the world indicates their sudden departure or demise.

Some of the children it produced with the Homo sapiens did survive in the satellite colonies and even in the damaged areas.  Sumer, in what is now Iraq, is one of, what I believe to be, the earliest of these second wave of civilisations which sprung up following the departure of the Alien Visitor.  It is thought to have been founded around 7,000 years ago.  I think it may have been established by some of the survivors of the flood.  Stone slabs, which are known as the Sumerian texts, have been found in the remains of this civilisation.  Some of these tablets tell the tale of a survivor of a flood, which maybe suggests these people were aware of the flood.  I believe that other tablets record some details of the earlier civilisations of the Alien Visitor.  According to these Sumerian texts, a group of extra-terrestrial beings came into our solar system.  Various texts portray them as very tall and often winged.  The Sumerian tablets are dated around 4000 BC and accurately relate the stories of celestial planets that exist in our solar system complete with their moons, their dominant gaseous or aquatic features, their colours and their sizes, all of these being accurate.  The tablets even record the existence of Pluto, Neptune and Uranus, planets which scientists believed were new discoveries made after 1700 AD.  I think these tablets record the earlier arrival and teachings of the Alien Visitor.  The people of Sumer write that God created them as a worker race.  The tablets show that they believed they were there to serve Gods that came from the sky.  This may have been our early ancestors’ perception of the Alien Visitor.  Did the Alien Visitor appear godlike with all its wisdom and space flight?  If they were put to work by the Alien Visitor this may explain why they believed they had been created as a worker race.

We know from the tablets and artefacts recovered from Sumer that these people had great skills.  They knew how to drain marshes for agriculture and develop trade.  They set up industries based on the skills of weaving, leatherwork, metalwork, masonry, glass-making and pottery.  Around 1900 BC, the Sumerians civilisation was in decline.  Another race, the Amorites, conquered all of Mesopotamia.  But the Sumerians left behind a number of tools and skills, including wheeled vehicles and potter’s wheels, a system of writing, codes of law and city-states.  They had also used large animals for work.  Maybe they had developed all these skills when living with and working for the Alien Visitor before the flood and then used them to create their own civilisation.

The survivors would have settled in many areas apart from Sumer.  Many of these early cultures share stories about a great flood.  It could be argued that the survivors would have returned to Egypt and interpreted the remains of the first civilisation for their own purposes.  Perhaps this first generation of survivors around the world were the direct children of the Alien Visitor and the Homo sapiens workers.  This theory is supported by the discovery of graves in northern Egypt, which date back to a time preceding the rule of the pharaohs.  The remains of people whose skulls were of greater size and whose bodies were larger than those of the natives were found in the graves.  There are stories written around this time and later that tell of people who lived to great ages.  The build and longevity of life of these early generations perhaps suggests they were different because they were the first to possess the Alien Visitor gene and perhaps they were more alien than Homo sapiens.  At first the immediate descendants of the Alien Visitor, who survived the Flood, could have led the new civilisations and tried to maintain the culture of the Alien Visitor.  But as this gene was spreading among a wider group of people, the earliest Alien Visitor children could have faced the threat of the growing intelligence of their own children.  As the gene was dispersed to more and more generations, it seems the large gap in intelligence between the Alien Visitor and Homo sapiens workhorse closed and a new race made up of beings of similar intelligence was created.

Perhaps, as the generations continued to be born further away from the time of the occupation of the Alien Visitor, the stories of the Alien Visitor started to turn into legends and myths and the function of buildings such as the pyramids changed.  Instead of making use of the air vents and storing information in the pyramids, most archaeologists believe the pyramids became used as a place for storing or laying the dead.  The head of the Sphinx – which survived the flood – was re-carved.  It is believed to have been fashioned in the image of Khafre, a king of Egypt.  This reworking may explain why this part of the Sphinx does not carry marks caused by water erosion.  The more these old constructions were used in a different way, the less it was remembered why they had been built in the first place.  A modern analogy from the West is the desecration and sale of churches.  Many have been converted into funeral parlours and some are even pubs!  There is a chance that future generations may never be aware of the original purpose of these buildings.  It seems as if these survivors and later generations of the second civilisation eventually only remembered that something significant had happened there but had no idea of what it could be.  There are hundreds of references contained in old Egyptian texts, which tell us that the ‘Gods’ had concealed a great secret at the complex at Giza.    

I believe we can see the remains of an Alien Visitor civilisation in Egypt.  But is it possible that another part of the Alien Visitor’s empire could still remain intact but is hidden under the Mediterranean Sea?  There are many legends about the idea of a lost city. Celtic legends talk of a hidden and perfect city where everyone is free and never grows old.  But the most famous stories about a hidden city are those which surround Atlantis.  Plato is the first person who is believed to have written about Atlantis.  He describes a city that flourished beyond the Straits of Gibraltar around 9000 BC, before sinking in “a single day of earthquakes, floods and rain.”  Scholars believe that Plato invented Atlantis as an allegory, which was aimed at warning his Athenian peers about the dangers of ambition.  Despite this, Atlantis has been sought in many places including Sweden, Prussia, Palestine, Iran, Sri Lanka, Central Asia, Carthage, Crete, Santorini, Libya, Gibraltar, Bolivia, Mexico, Cornwall, Holland, France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Nigeria, Malta, Japan, Taiwan, the Caribbean Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, Russia’s Azov Sea, India’s Gulf of Khambhat and the mid-Atlantic.  There are other settlements described on the tablets created by the Sumer people, which have never been found.  Perhaps all these tales, which we have yet to prove are not just myths, but describe a once-famous Alien Visitor settlement.

Maybe Atlantis had flourished over an enormous landmass incorporating many of the places mentioned above before it was destroyed and fragmented by the great Flood.

This dramatic flooding, which submerged much of the very beginning of civilisation, is explored by Graham Hancock in his book Underworld6]. 

Maybe one day we will find parts of this metropolis in a good condition and untouched by other races since the Flood.  This might give us proof of the Alien Visitor’s time on our planet.  Or perhaps there are already clues, which we have not yet learnt how to uncover, at the remains at Giza in Egypt or at Silbury Hill.

[1] R.A. Schwaller de Lubicz  Sacred Science  Inner Traditions International 1988

[2] Screened 1998 and based on his book of the same name.

Quest for the Lost Civilisation - Heaven's Mirror  Penguin Books 1999

[3] Peter Lemesurier  The Great Pyramid Decoded  Element Books 1997

[4] Robert Bauval & Graham Hancock  Keeper of Genesis  Mandarin 1997

[5] The Great Flood  Screened January 1999.  Based on the book Noah’s Flood  by Dr Bill Ryan & Dr Walter Pitman    Simon & Schuster 1999

[6] Graham Hancock  Underworld  Michael Joseph 2002

                                                                  Chapter 5

                           The Unexplained Phenomena

I believe we can also find clues suggesting an Alien Visitor came to Earth if we examine unexplained phenomena.

In the UK, there are more than nine hundred stone circles. In England, a remarkable straight line has been traced from St Michael’s Mount in Cornwall through Glastonbury and Avebury to Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk, while another runs from the north to south from the major Arbor Low stone circle in Derbyshire through Avebury and Stonehenge. Both these lines miss absolute straightness by a few hundred yards at a few points and we should not be surprised that over the centuries some land movement such as the mid-Atlantic rift could account for these particular discrepancies.  It also appears that these lines extend through Scotland into the Orkney Islands and south into Brittany at a time when this was one landmass.  These facts also suggest the sites may have been planned from above ground level and from the sky.  Their positioning suggests knowledge of true east, west, north and south when they were built.  Similarities in where these sites are built, comparable sizes and distances between stones at sites thousands of miles apart are too much of a coincidence to believe that this was not the work of a common influence.  Similar kinds of building were going on around the world.  In Peru, there is a collection of precise markings covering an area of 40 x 9 miles area, known as the Nazca lines.  Thousands of these lines cross the desert between Nazca and Palpa. Some are more than five miles long, jumping deep ravines and cliffs, without altering their course.  Others are zigzagged and spiral-shaped. Maria Reiche – who was an authority on the Nazca lines – found the 23 stone circles she studied in Britain were constructed using the same units of measurement.  I think this gives us proof of architects using similar measurements and methods of construction thousands of miles apart.  Perhaps this points to a universally- linked civilisation.

I have speculated as to why the various stone constructions were built around the world.  They may have been points in an elaborate intergalactic compass, sextant or star map.  They could have been used as links in an interstellar communications network.  They may have been constructed to help the Alien Visitor fix its position in relation to the other planets in the galaxy or its own planet so that it would be able to chart a route when it wanted to leave Earth.  One of the reasons the Alien Visitor might have built these structures could be that it arrived on Earth by mistake or following an accident and wanted to attract help to get home.  It could be argued that these structures may have been a system of beacons, aimed at signalling to a passing ship, crewed by members of its own or a friendly planet.  The beacons would have to be very large to be seen from space: a string of bonfires would be inadequate for this purpose.  What would be required is some vast distinctive shape or pattern, which could be recognised by one of the Alien Visitor’s rescuers circling our planet.  The white horses which can also be found in the chalky hills in Wiltshire, may also have been beacons or are modelled on original alien beacons.  On the Nazca Plains of Peru there are other animal shapes – including a spider, monkey, whale, lizard and humming bird – which I propose may have also been beacons, in the same way as Wiltshire’s white horses.  This suggests the Alien Visitor came from a planet with creatures similar to those on Earth.  The Alien Visitor’s familiarity with these creatures would have made it easier for the Alien Visitor to have known how to avoid dangers such as attacks or poisons. The Alien Visitor might have put up these beacons all over the world in order to make sure at least one was visible to the place the visitor came from so that there would never be a time when this appeal for help was obscured during the Earth’s rotations.  The Alien Visitor may have had to have recruited the Homo sapiens to build all these beacons.

We can put this idea to the test by taking a close look at one of the most famous stone circles – Stonehenge in Wiltshire.  Stonehenge is different from all other known stone monuments because it was built in an area without stones!  It was built at a time when our ancestors were hunters, struggling for survival and the only practical tools were made of stone, wood or bone.  The big stones that form the distinctive circle, the ones that everyone notices when they look at Stonehenge are made of an incredibly hard sandstone called sarsen.  It is the hardest rock in Britain, harder than granite, and is usually found lying around as big slabs.  On Mohs scale, which measures resistance to abrasion, diamonds are 10, steel is 6 or 7 and sarsen stone is 7.  It is not the sort of stone that is ever quarried. Bluestones were also used to build the circle.  There are no known sources of bluestone anywhere in the vicinity.  The closest source was in the Preseli Mountains in West Wales, more than 225 km away.  The puzzle is, how did the 82 bluestones get to Stonehenge?  It is possible that a glacier could have picked up such a ragbag of stones, known as erratics and swept them to their final resting-place near the Stonehenge area.  But this is unlikely as there no bluestones left in the area around Stonehenge.

Proof supporting the idea that the stones were transported by our ancestors to Stonehenge was provided in 1994 when one of the bluestones from Stonehenge was dated using a new method.  When a rock is exposed to the atmosphere for the first time, either by erosion or by quarrying, it starts to accumulate an isotope of chlorine.  Measuring the amount of this isotope gives the date when it was first exposed.  In this instance the results showed that the bluestone rock from Stonehenge was only exposed about 14,000 years ago and this was, of course, years after the last Ice Age.  If the bluestones were quarried at this time this could potentially make Stonehenge much older.

The question is why would a prehistoric tribe move giant boulders some 225 km outside the boundaries of their own territory?  Perhaps the local tribe around Stonehenge got jealous at the impressive activity of other tribes’ further north at Avebury or west at Stanton Drew and much like Chicago making sure it had bigger skyscrapers than New York, erected something technically more awesome than its neighbours. To build such grand complexes – which may have been much larger than what remains today, would have required a great deal of harmony, organisation, language and technology.  These structures were fantastic, particularly as we know they were erected in a period where early humans lived in simple societies.  Across the world, standing stones can be found.  They come in various shapes, sizes and patterns.  Some single megaliths have been found to be over 18 m (60 ft) high and weigh over 350 tons while others, much smaller, appear in their thousands in straight lines. I believe the local tribes were organised by a powerful outside influence, who understood the chemical properties of the stone and the reason for the construction and so ordered the tribes so they travelled to the Preseli hills to bring back the stones.  We cannot know for sure how these huge stones – some weighing more than 50 tons – were brought to Stonehenge. Perhaps they were built in position from a concrete type mixture poured into the wooden mould, or slid across a glacial landscape, or maybe conveyed and erected using levitation.

Levitation is a phenomenon that has interested us over the centuries.  There have been examples of the rising of a human body off the ground, in apparent defiance of the law of gravity.  The levitation of furniture and other objects during a séance has also been reported.  Perhaps the Alien Visitor was able to draw upon gravitational forces or energies as yet untapped by modern science to levitate the rocks.  Or maybe the Alien Visitor was able to move the stones using knowledge of phenomena, which we observe but do not yet understand, such as earth energy or ley lines.  We understand ley lines are a source of energy similar to electricity when it hits the ground.  We know the electricity must still be there but we have not yet worked out what it does or how it might be used by us.  According to ancient Chinese science – which is based on a subtle conception of the order of nature far from our own today – there are currents or ‘earth energy’ within the Earth’s surface.  There have been cases where individuals have exhibited feats of exceptional strength way beyond the normal bounds – for example the mother being able to lift a car to recover her trapped child.  This early science suggests earth energy can be magnified in the body and is called chi.  Chinese traditional medicine has made a special study of this chi in the human body and the paths or meridians along which it runs and ways of correcting imbalances in the flow, by inserting needles at appropriate points on the meridian, to restore smooth running.  Western medicine is only now coming to acknowledge that somehow it works.  In the martial arts, the Chinese and Japanese, by working with this chi in the movements of the human body, can surpass mere physical force and weight.  I believe the Alien Visitor may have known how to use these energy paths or how to channel their chi to their own advantage.  Or perhaps the Alien Visitor knew how to use dowsing to achieve its own ends.  Dowsing is not scientifically understood but some people can pick up very powerful reactions – using diving rods – particularly from the ground around these mysterious structures and even the stones themselves.  Dowsers have detected straight lines meeting up at stone circles and even linking different megalithic sites, earthworks, pools, mounds and various landmarks, such as notches on the skyline.  These lines have become known as ley lines.  This energy is seen to flow not only through the planet, but also through all living organisms.  The ley lines, then, are thought to form part of this network on the planetary scale.  The megaliths are seen as not only marking this flow, but in some way storing, directing or channelling it, like a giant capacitor or diode to use electronics parlance.

Others see this energy as spiritual.  Bell Rock, a towering red sandstone formation just south of Sedona, Arizona is an example of a vortex – a place where Earth’s spiritual energies are concentrated and magnified and where psychic phenomena abound.  People can feel vibrations, humming and swirling through their crystals and many report visions of their past lives as Native Americans, ancient Egyptians, Mayan princesses, major biblical figures and others.  UFO activity is also associated with Bell Rock.  Glastonbury Tor is considered to be Britain’s premier vortex site and the town of Glastonbury is probably Sedona’s nearest equivalent in Britain.  These towns attract New Age travellers – a group which borrows most of its beliefs from Native American traditions, but also appropriates elements of Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Zen, Taoism, astrology, the self-help movement and other esoteric beliefs.

If we accept, through the science of spectrometry, that all planets are composed of the same elements but in different quantities, then it might not be difficult to accept that all planets share some form of magnetic field.  Perhaps the Alien Visitor was able to use the Earth’s energy or ley lines because it was familiar with a similar phenomenon on its own planet.  Perhaps, unlike us, the Alien Visitor had learnt to manipulate these sources of energy and used them to transport materials or to boost energy levels, or used their own mode of transport to build beacons such as Silbury Hill.

It is likely that the Alien Visitor was well aware of these energies, but this knowledge became lost as the civilisation declined into evolutionary regression following its departure.  But maybe we can observe evidence of it in action on Earth.  The voyages of sea turtles thousands of miles along a Pacific ‘highway’ have been shown to be guided by a magnetic sense.  Biologists have long suspected that the Earth’s magnetic anomalies may be at the root of the leatherback turtles’ spectacular navigational powers.  Tracking them by satellite showed that they followed narrow corridors that are at most 100 miles wide – which is very narrow considering they have the whole Pacific Ocean in front of them.  If the magnetic fields were scrambled then the turtles could not even begin their journey.  On land, the migrating of Monarch butterflies has been discovered to use this magnetic sense to travel in their millions up to three thousand miles from the breeding grounds in Canada and California to spend winter in trees on mountainsides in central Mexico.  The butterflies make the round trip once and despite being blown off course by winds they still make it to the same trees as their ancestors, by using these magnetic cues.  And if the butterflies are screened from magnetic fields, like the turtles, they showed no consistent direction and therefore could not begin their amazing migration.

I believe that once the Alien Visitor had settled on Earth, the next priorities were those of communication and data recording.  I think Silbury Hill was part of a significant complex in the Alien Visitor’s attempts to communicate with the rest of its race.  Our present day communications and computer products rely on electricity generated using magnetic fields transmitted over power lines and cables.  There does not appear to be any evidence of electrical power cables at this Wiltshire complex, but there is certainly plenty of evidence of forces and energy.  Earth energy in the form of ley lines which can be traced using dowsing rods, criss-cross this area in abundance.  It has been discovered that some of the stones at Avebury and Stonehenge in Wiltshire have magnetic properties.  These stones are not from Wiltshire and the task of transporting them to the sites seems to have been arduous.  Perhaps the people who built these stone structures needed them to hold magnetic properties which is why they did not use more accessible local stones.  It is also a place where many crop circles are found which some believe are formed using the Earth’s energy.  Perhaps these circles are the Alien Visitor’s messages being reflected back to

Earth, similar to the way in which we beam signals off satellites that return to Earth.

So, from this ancient spacecraft-landing complex, could there still remain some residual energy from the transmission and reception of data some 13,000 years ago?  Are we seeing in our crop fields some bits of information that cannot be ‘received’ properly because the ‘hardware’ is now in ruins?  If this is so, what clues to our past and our future do these fragments of data hold?

Crop circles have been around for centuries.  The first recorded crop circle was in Stirlingshire in 1678.  It came to be known as the Devil’s Circle.  They have appeared by the hundreds each year all over the world.  They are showing up fields of wheat, sugar cane, potatoes, sunflowers, oilseed rape, grass, in rice paddies. Similar phenomena also appear in pine forests, sand and mountain snow.  Patterns appearing in mid-air which fragment before vanishing have also been reported.  In the past, farmers and researchers were reluctant to draw attention to this phenomenon, so the subject was clouded in mystery, which added to the intrigue.  However, from 1979 onwards in the vicinity of Silbury Hill, the circles have multiplied at a rate that can only be called explosive.  The increase in number of circles from around 100 a year in the eighties to more than 500 per year during the 1990s has attracted worldwide attention.  Even the most sceptical of us are beginning to realise that something other than freaks of the weather, or hoaxers are responsible for this enigma.  There are many theories to explain the existence of these patterns that seem to come from nowhere.  Scientists around the world are studying various climatic effects, from weak weather fronts and atmospheric pressures causing summer whirlwinds, tornadoes, waterspouts and vortexes to luminous effects. 

I saw the first ‘Pictogram Circle’ of 1990 that was formed at Cheesefoot Head in wheat on May 23. This configuration, which included four separate rectangular shapes, convinced me that phenomena such as vortexes could not produce these four identical rectangles.  The appearance of these formations can be likened to those made by a mechanical typewriter where characters are stamped onto the page.  This can be clearly seen in the many excellent aerial photographs and meticulous silhouette scale drawings of these circles in Lucy Pringle’s book Crop Circles: The Greatest Mystery of Modern Times1].  Although these patterns seem huge to us on Earth, they would be tiny – perhaps like small font letters – from the perspective of space from where they were sent.

Could the circles make up a form of language and how can these patterns be ‘read’?  Is each pattern a single character or a piece of a ‘sentence’?  Should we ‘read’ these patterns from top to bottom, left to right, inside or outside?  It is important to keep photographic records of these circles in time and date sequence as, I hope that, one day knowledge of the meaning of these symbols will be revealed.  I understand this is being done by an organisation known as CERES (Circles Effect Research) and the WCCSG (Wiltshire Crop Circle Study Group) and possibly the Ministry of Defence (MoD)?

If we can link this ‘language’ seen in the crop fields around Silbury Hill, with the symbols produced by the early prehistoric civilisation which sprang up around 13,000 years ago, then the evidence that these phenomena are linked with the creation of our first civilisations is irrefutable.  Many are making comparisons between the crop circle patterns and symbols from old religions, alchemy, geometry, mathematics, hieroglyphics, astrology and ancient cultures.  For example, on June 19 1999 a near-perfect representation of a symbol associated with the Egyptians god Horus appeared in a wheat field near Silbury Hill.  This could be a hoax but the Celts also incorporated symbols, found in crop fields, into their artwork on manuscripts, standing stones and artefacts.  Examples include the Dunnichen Pictish stone.  Designs like those of the Hopis of North America and Australian aborigines have appeared.  Petroglyphs from Arctic Eskimo people and Tibetan Thankas are reflected in the wheat.

One explanation for the explosion in the number of crop circles during the last decade can be attributed to hoaxers.  Some have successfully demonstrated how to construct very complicated patterns, avoiding detection in the dead of night, with simple pieces of equipment, which leaves the rest of the crop in the field undisturbed.  Many of the circles that started appearing in Wiltshire in 1979 can be attributed to local people.  The activity of hoaxers, with their creative rural graffiti will continue to confuse the crop circle enigma.  But it remains bewildering how many of the more intricate designs can be created so perfectly and so quickly in the dead of night or in the middle of the day.  What we need is a well-documented scientific study of circles which we believe have not been made by humans.  This obviously, would be very difficult to compile but there are many circles that are unexplained and we do not know for certain how they got into fields.  Groups studying the crop circles have found differences between a formation known to have been produced by hoaxers and other formations whose origin is unclear.  A true design is said to reveal bent and twisted but not broken intricately woven stems and correct geometry.  Inside the circle, it has been claimed strong energetic currents can be felt, which occasionally cause equipment – such as cameras, video recorders and mobile phones – to fail.  Others have found small and equally puzzling ‘grapeshot’ circles in close proximity to a ‘real’ formation.  From the many aerial photographs taken there seems to be little or no distortion to the shape of the formation in spite of steep slopes and undulations in some of the fields where they appear.

In the book The Corn Circle Enigma2] which is written by the group which formed the Centre for Crop Circle Studies, (the CCCS) there is a very interesting photograph which shows a mixture of round outlines of prehistoric burial mounds now flattened, which had become visible in the very dry spring in 1988, with a number of crop circles, suggesting a link between these ancient sites and the crop circles.  Ever since seeing my first crop of circles opposite Silbury Hill in July 1988, I have been intrigued by their appearance from ‘out of nowhere’.  My first crop circle was a ‘quintuplet’. Eleven days later a second ‘quintuplet’ had mysteriously appeared in the same field.  Many who witness a circle are immediately drawn to the mystical, the paranormal and the extra-terrestrial and set out to try to solve the puzzle – and I am one of many.

I believe, the appearance of the ‘Chilbolton Code’ and the ‘Chilbolton Face’, in a wheat field on the grounds of the Chilbolton radio telescope facility near Wherwell in Hampshire in August 2001, and the ‘Scary Alien’, more than 100 metres long, which appeared in a wheat field at Crabwood near Winchester, Hampshire in August 2002, represent a substantial step forward and puts an end to earlier speculation that climatic anomalies or hoaxers are responsible for every crop formation.  In my view, it seems unlikely that the appearance of these complex formations, which show faces and hieroglyphics, could be caused by tornadoes, or man-made with a ball of string and plank of wood.  So what can be the explanation for these crop formations?

I think that when the Alien Visitor was on this planet, some 13,000 years ago, it was developing a way of transmitting and receiving messages inside and outside Earth.  I believe that even though the Alien Visitor eventually left our planet, these signals or channels of communication may still be ‘live’.  The crop circles may be the result of messages being sent on this ‘live channel’.  Of course, because we do not know what the messages mean it is, so far, impossible to know whether the Alien Visitor is still trying to communicate with us or is unwittingly using a ‘live’ channel.  Perhaps the reason these crop circles appear near locations such as Silbury Hill and Avebury is because these sites were constructed to make transmission and reception possible. If something catastrophic were to happen to us, we would also leave behind millions of signals of varying frequencies and wavelengths that would remain in the ether indefinitely or until a method of receiving these signals had been reproduced accidentally or by design. 

Although crop circles have been around for hundreds if not thousands of years, it seems that in more recent times the number and complexity of these formations have increased dramatically.  For whatever reasons it seems the ‘live channel’ is being used more frequently and with more skill.  Perhaps the answers to our questions about alien life on Earth are about to be resolved.

As well as further new archaeological discoveries of ancient cities, Atlantis perhaps, or recovery of hidden artefacts locked away in museums, monasteries or the Vatican; or archaeologists and geneticists working together on investigating the DNA in ancient mummified remains; or the slow recovery of our hidden knowledge we have inherited from the offspring of the Alien Visitor and the bipedal Hominid species; or the arrival of a UFO with the return of the Alien Visitor; these ‘messages’ which were transmitted by the Alien Visitor when it lived on our planet that are appearing in crop fields, could also offer us clues to the existence of the Alien Visitor on Earth.

I think we already have some opportunities for deciphering the ‘messages’ appearing in the crop fields because we have the Alien Visitor gene and therefore a memory from the Alien Visitor.  It is possible that we could be unknowingly accessing this subconscious memory when we transmit messages so it follows that, by looking at the way we send and receive messages we might be able to understand how the Alien Visitor did the same. 

For example, in 1974 a message was beamed from a radio telescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, aimed at a star cluster called M13. This cluster is about 23,000 light years from Earth and any reply can only be expected 40,000 years from now, at the earliest.  However the appearance of the ‘Chilbolton Code’ has attracted media coverage because it bears a resemblance to the image sent from Puerto Rico.  Some newspapers have speculated that this crop formation is proof that our message has already been received.  But this seems impossible because our message should only be at the start of its very long journey to M13, unless an alien spacecraft had intercepted this message not long after it had started its journey?

But I sense the real significance of the similarity between the M13 message and ‘Chilbolton Code’ is that we seem to be subconsciously creating the kind of images which are being transmitted to Earth on the ‘live channel’.

If we continue to study these crop formations we may start to understand the information the Alien Visitor communicates.  This research may finally provide us with the answer to why the Alien Visitor came to Earth and what it achieved while on this planet.  By comparing the subtle differences between the message we sent to M13 and the ‘Chilbolton Code’, perhaps we can unlock the meaning of similar extra-terrestrial transmissions that are being beamed onto Earth.

By analysing the crop formations in the context of how we send and receive messages maybe we can understand how to decipher them.

One place where we could start is by looking at how and why we use binary codes so much in our communications.

A computer translates the striking of the ‘?’ symbol on the keyboard as an 8-bit binary code 00111111 that represents the digital signal for ‘?’, which conforms to the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) convention.  This string of ‘0’s and ‘1’s is easily handled by the computer as ‘0’ = no pulse and ‘1’ = a pulse of electricity.  Prior to the ‘?’ being displayed on the computer screen the translation process is reversed and the ‘?’ symbol is then displayed on the screen or sent to an email recipient and NOT the digital signal 00111111.  Similar principles apply to radio and television broadcasts, where radio and television sets are the receivers, which are also rapidly changing from analogue to digital technology.

But is there another subtler means of transmitting and receiving extra-terrestrial ‘messages’?  Can the explanation quite simply be that these ‘messages are being channelled through some of us?  We readily accept the artists’ talent to ‘receive’ portraits or landscapes in their conscious memory or images from their unconscious or subconscious memory and ‘transmit’ these pictures to paper or canvas. 

Some crop formation researchers believe that the meanings of crop formations can be channelled through the minds of some of our fellow human beings.  Some ‘channellers’, also known as mediums, attribute a universal ‘star’ symbol along with a meaning for each formation.  Is this the beginning of a universal language lesson from the extra-terrestrials?

Are hoaxers the unwitting transceivers for these extra-terrestrial ‘messages’ contained in their subconscious memories, which they reproduce as crop formations?  Many hoaxers who have planned and created crop formations have confessed to becoming more and more convinced that paranormal forces are working through them.

Later in the book, I investigate the idea that within our own physical makeup we have a gene from the Alien Visitor and a capacity for a greater understanding of everything that constituted this Alien Visitor.  I look at how, as a race, we only have glimpses of the possibilities offered by this gene.  It is possible to argue that perhaps all crop circles are extra-terrestrial and that even those which hoaxers admit to making have been made out of a compulsion in the hoaxer to use the knowledge contained in their inherited alien gene.

Is the true significance of crop circles that they provoke a mind enhancing experience by getting us as individuals to throw back into ourselves?  Is this a subtle way of getting each and every one of us to explore our subconscious memory and discover just how remarkable we all are.

Is it a coincidence that crop formations are appearing in clusters around the ancient monuments which are still visible, e.g. Avebury (incorporating Silbury Hill), Stonehenge, and those monuments that have long since disappeared? 

Did the extra-terrestrial(s) have the opportunity to perfect a means of transmitting information using its higher intelligence and Earth’s resources, before they and their ‘equipment’ were destroyed or damaged in the natural disaster that resulted in the great flood?  I can only assume from the complexity of the ancient civilisations that it had.  So, should we expect to see more elaborate patterns, pictures and even messages, by whatever means, which may provide the answer to this mystery that confounds us?  I think we will - so sit back and enjoy the next instalment! 

My theory accepts unequivocally the existence of other life on other planets, some of which arrived on Earth around 13,000 years ago.  As the stone circles and mounds remain on Earth and crop formations continue to be created perhaps we are unwittingly continuing to transmit to and receive messages from the Alien Visitor’s race every day.  Maybe we are, unknowingly, organising another meeting in the future.  Perhaps an increase in crop formation activity is an indication that the Alien Visitor is preparing to return to Earth.

[1] Lucy Pringle  Crop Circles The Greatest Mystery of Modern Times  Thorsons 1999

[2] Ralph Noyes  The Crop Circle Enigma  Gateway Books  1991

Is there definative proof of the existance of an extraterrestrial race that survived and thrived on Earth in our prehistory? 
 

Did they exert a huge influence on the evolution and the future direction of the human race?   

Find out more in my book Silbury Dawning: The Alien Visitor Gene Theory and coming soon Pyramid on the Moon.

JC

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